Comparison of Norwegian and Swedish cabins, published in Västerbottens-kuriren 16.08.2012.

Norrlandssommaren går mot sitt slut och svenskarna återvänder från sommarstugan för att börja jobba igen – utvilade, men lite ledsna över återgången till vardagen. Jag har fulgt sommarstugatraditionen med stort intresse ända sen jag flyttade till Umeå 2010. ”Få ting är mera svenskt än fritidshuset”, skriver Johan Tell om torpet, sommarstugan och sportstugan i sin bok Älskade fritidshus. Och få ting är mera norskt än hytta kan jag tillfoga. En av sex norska familjer äger en hytte och en av fem byggnader i Norge är en fritidsbostad. De senaste åren har jag ägnat min forskning åt den norska hyttans historia. Den norska hyttan och den svenska stugan har många likheter men olikheterna är också tydliga. Både det norska och det svenska fritidshuset är mycket nostalgiskt, i synnerhet visuellt. I Norge finns en tendens att efterlikna en nationalromantisk förebild med timrad träarkitektur, torvtak på utsidan och extremt hög teknisk standard på insidan. Även om det förstås finns undantag råder inga tvivel om att många hytter har större likheter med lyxpalats – eller åtminstone ett andra hem med lika hög standard –  än med de rötter de har i enkla byggnader i naturen. Så gott som alla norska hytter byggs numera med åretruntstandard. Golvvärme, tvättmaskin, kabel-TV, bredband, garage, bubbelpool och vattentoalett är standard i nyuppförda hytter. Hytterna har blivit vuxna och byggs nu i genomsnitt större än permanentbostaden. I Sverige har man börjat uppgradera fritidshuset i tekniskt  avseende men man har långt kvar innan man har hunnit ikapp Norge. På hyttan, i stugan och på torpet bor och bygger norrmän och svenskar in sig i en stor kulturhistorisk debatt om tradition, autenticitet, historia och natur. För några framstår det som helt oproblematiskt att inlemma nya teknologier i livet i fritidshuset medan andra anser att det inte längre går att använda ordet hytte om de mest påkostade husen.  Men var går då gränsen mellan det som vi definitivt kan kalla en hytte och…

“In dreaming about an idyllic past, we are also imagining the future.” Archived version of a text published in The Atlantic in 2012.

A generation of hipsters has contracted cabin fever. The Cabin Porn website has become one of these internet hits, spreading through blogs, Facebook posts, tumblr reposts, Twitter mentions, and so on. Why can’t all these people stop looking at cabins? What is the allure? Put simply, Cabin Porn is visual stimulation of the urge for a simpler life in beautiful surroundings. Commenters are likening it to “channeling your inner Thoreau.” Cabin Porn represents the return of the homesteader, living off the grid, self-sufficient and self-reliant.   The website itself is a tumblelog featuring curated and user-submitted photos of cabin interiors or exteriors, generally with a short caption indicating the location and if applicable, the architect behind the cabin. Cabin Porn has much in common with standard interior design magazines and blogs. The images are examples to be consumed, admired, desired, and possibly emulated by an audience in front of the computer, all of them dreaming about building — or just owning — their own little cabin in the mountains, in the forest, by the sea, or in some cases, smack in the middle of the city. The cabins depicted fall in a remarkably broad range of styles. We find simple plywood structures, log cabins with and without the patina of history, A-frames erected by both amateurs and architects. Concrete square boxes compete with corrugated iron for the starkest expression of simplicity. Many are designed or renovated by architects and they can be either rustic or modern, both equally carefully designed. Others have been shaped by time and seem haphazardly dilapidated in a way that no conscious effort can ever achieve. The cabins have one thing in common: they are all gorgeous, in their own way. The Cabin Porn website is just the latest in a long tradition of dreaming about cabins as the gateway to a simpler life in harmony with nature. Thoreau was part of this tradition, and while certainly not the first, he contributed one of the most…

A text written for the catalogue of the “Hyttefeber” exhibition about cabin culture at the Finnish-Norwegian Culture Institute, FINNO, in Oslo in 2011.

Cabin, Sogn. Photo by ÅdneD @ flickr, CC BY-NC-ND 2.0

Ordet ”hytte” er langt mer komplekst enn man først skulle tro. For hva er egentlig en hytte? Hva er det som gjør en bygning til en hytte og en annen til et hus? Hva er det som gjør at vi kan betegne både et hundre år gammelt seterskur og Kjell Inge Røkkes massive hyttepalass på Oppdal med ordet ”hytte”? Hva er i det hele tatt forholdet mellom ordet, bygningen og hyttas mange opphavshistorier? I semiotikken – studiet av hvordan språk gir mening – bruker man begrepene signifikat og signifikant for å analysere forholdet mellom ord og den virkeligheten man vil beskrive. Litt forenklet kan man si at signifikatet er den mentale forestillingen vi har om noe og signifikanten er ordet vi bruker for å snakke om denne forestillingen. Hytta viser oss hvor fleksibel – eller eventuelt lite presis – denne koblingen mellom ord og verden kan være. I hyttas tilfelle gjør ordets – og bygningens – lange historie det hele ekstra komplisert. La oss starte med ordboksdefinisjonen. Norsk Riksmålsordbok viser sin gammelmodighet ved å definere hytte som et ”lite, uanselig, ofte primitivt bygget hus.” Eventuelt kan den defineres som et ”mindre hus, særlig til fjells ell. ute i skog og mark, oftest bygget i landlig stil, særlig til bruk under jakt og friluftsliv, skog- og fjellturer, ferieopphold eller lignende.” Norsk Ordbok kaller hytta et ”mindre hus til bruk under ferieopphold.” Alle som har sett en moderne norsk hytte innser jo raskt at disse nært beslektede definisjonene av ordet hytte har mistet noe av sin kobling til det faktiske fenomenet ordet skal beskrive. I dag er hytta så godt som utelukkende en fritidsbolig. Vi kan finne hytter spredt over hele landet, men det er en stor overvekt innenfor en radius på omlag tre timers kjøring fra det sentrale Østlandsområdet. Hytter finnes med andre ord i nærheten av der folk bor, og da spesielt i kjørbare naturområder. Den nære avstanden mellom primærbolig…

Engasjerte forskere fra mange fagfelt utforsker våre oppfatninger om den norske hytta, motsetningene som kan oppstå mellom dem, og hvordan vi kan forstå forholdet mellom hytter, miljø og samfunnsutvikling bedre.

Norske hytter i endring: Om bærekraft og behagHelen Jøsok Gansmo, Thomas Berker og Finn Arne Jørgensen (red.)Tapir Academic Press2011ISBN: 9788251927901 Hytta er et fristed, et familiested og en måte å være i naturen på – men den kan også være en stressfaktor, et strengt regulert sosialt felt og et økende miljøproblem. – Hva kan hyttelivet fortelle om samspillet mellom samfunn og teknologi?- Hvordan påvirkes det moderne hyttelivet av muligheten til å drive et aktivt friluftsliv?- Hva er drivkreftene bak hytteutviklingen- Hvilke konsekvenser skaper de nye fritidsboligene for naturen, for samfunnet rundt og for måten vi lever på? Denne boken diskuterer disse spørsmålene. Engasjerte forskere fra mange fagfelt utforsker våre oppfatninger om den norske hytta, motsetningene som kan oppstå mellom dem, og hvordan vi kan forstå forholdet mellom hytter, miljø og samfunnsutvikling bedre. https://www.fagbokforlaget.no/Norske-hytter-i-endring/I9788251927901 Reviews

My 2011 book on the history of beverage container recycling, published with Rutgers University Press.

Making a Green Machine: The Infrastructure of Beverage Container RecyclingFinn Arne JørgensenRutgers University Press208 Pages, 6 x 9 in.July 2011ISBN: 9780813550541 Consider an empty bottle or can, one of the hundreds of billions of beverage containers that are discarded worldwide every year. Empty containers have been at the center of intense political controversies, technological innovation processes, and the modern environmental movement. Making a Green Machine examines the development of the Scandinavian beverage container deposit-refund system, which has the highest return rates in the world, from 1970 to present. Finn Arne Jørgensen investigates the challenges the system faced when exported internationally and explores the critical role of technological infrastructures and consumer convenience in modern recycling. His comparative framework charts the complex network of business and political actors involved in the development of the reverse vending machine (RVM) and bottle deposit legislation to better understand the different historical trajectories empty beverage containers have taken across markets, including the U.S. The RVM has served as more than a hole in the wall–it began simply as a tool for grocers who had to handle empty refillable glass bottles, but has become a green machine to redeem the empty beverage container, helping both business and consumers participate in environmental actions. Press website: https://www.rutgersuniversitypress.org/making-a-green-machine/9780813550541 Reviews

A discussion of the Hurtigruten – minutt for minutt slow TV show.

Hurtigruten comes to my hometown Sortland, June 20, 3:30am. Midnight sun to the right.

I have come to the conclusion that I like my entertainment slow. I generally don’t watch TV, but the last few days I have been glued to the TV, watching the 8048-minute long live broadcast of Hurtigruten sailing from Bergen to Kirkenes, along the Norwegian coast. As you might expect, the show is very slow – we get to see the view from the ship, mixed in with interviews and commentaries onboard the ship, all in realtime. The TV station NRK2 shows everything live (and I get it through my cable TV here in Sweden), and a website shows the video stream with a good map and other information (more on the website below). The show has been a big hit in Norway – some 1.3 million people (of Norway’s roughly 5 million people) watched the show Thursday and Friday, which are quite impressive numbers, and I expect the weekend ratings will be even higher. The hashtag #hurtigruten has been quite active on Twitter as well. I’m not surprised that people are watching the show, but it’s been even more interesting to see all the people that show up along the coast, waving from land, cruising around in boats, and also the huge crowds at all the stops. The small places are generally the ones with the most people. My hometown Sortland (with 10,000 inhabitants), for instance, had more people show up at 3:30 at night than Trondheim (with 175,000 people) had in the middle of day. It seems like the experience of the show took people somewhat by surprise – the premise sounds quite ludicrous, like watching paint dry on live TV, but people took a look out of pure curiosity and then found it hard to stop. Twitter is full of people who seemed unable to turn off the TV and go to bed at night as Hurtigruten sailed through Vesterålen in the midnight sun. I think there are many reasons why the Hurtigruten show stuck…

A travel report from my visit to the Counter Space exhibit on the Frankfurter Kitchen at MoMA in 2011.

I was thrilled to get the chance to go to an exhibit on the Frankfurter Kitchen and modern kitchen design at MoMA in New York recently. The exhibit was called “Counter Space” – here’s a link to the exhibit website. Back in the day (more specifically, from 1999 to 2001) I wrote my master’s thesis on the debate over “the scientific kitchen” in Norway, 1900-1940, and the Frankfurter kitchen was a huge influence on this discussion (the thesis is available in fulltext here). I looked at how many well-to-do women who had previously had a maid increasingly needed to take over the housework themselves at the beginning of the 1900s. Being a maid was hard work, and many young women chose to instead seek work in the rapidly growing small-scale industry in Norway. Good maids suddenly were hard to come by. As a result, the modern Norwegian housewife came into being. They sought to not only make housework easier, but also to increase the status of the work in the home. The home was a workplace like any other. Nowhere was that more obvious than in the kitchen. The international home economics movement attempted to improve the kitchen and make the work that took place there more rational. Margarete Schütte-Lihotsky designed a kitchen based on the ideals laid out by Christine Frederick and the home economics movement in the 1920s. The kitchen was intended to be affordable, efficient, and suitable for mass production. The Frankfurt kitchen has become an iconic representation of the modern kitchen as laboratory. Inspired by ideas of efficiency and scientific management (also known as Taylorism), this kitchen is a great example of how knowledge and technologies circulate between producers and consumers, between factories and the home. The women who worked to promote scientific homekeeping had great hopes for the kitchen as a liberating space for women, a place where women could become part of modern society. Some of the same ideals underpinned the…

Reflections on place, geolocation, and digital photography, written at a time before such practices were ubiquitous.

There has been some uproar the last few days about the spatial data embedded in the iPhone backups – which has been transmitted to Apple. Since Alexis Madrigal asked to see other people’s maps, out of curiosity, here’s mine. I used the free iPhone Tracker software made by Alasdair Allan and Pete Warden to generate these maps. Here is my world map. As we can see, I spend most of my time in Northern Europe, but I’ve had several stops in the US. Of course, the data set is limited to the time since I bought my iPhone, which was about 8-9 months ago. US map Looking closer at the US part, we see that I’ve been to Chicago, Seattle, Phoenix, and Santa Fe since buying my phone. Chicago sticks out as a pretty small dot – I have stopped at O’Hare a while flying to Phoenix and Seattle and must have turned on my phone. I did fly through Newark a few days ago, but must not have turned on the phone then, since it did not show on the map. New Mexico As we zoom in on New Mexico, we see clearly how the data points map out on a grid, and one might reasonably think that I did not physically go to all these locations. Supposedly, the iPhone found the location by triangulating to nearby cell phone towers. It seems like I spent much more time in Albuquerque (south) than in Santa Fe (north), which is not true at all. We flew to Albuquerque, but only spent one day there. The rest of the time we were in Santa Fe. One day we drove out to Bandelier National Monument, which we can also see to the northwest of the map. Phoenix, AZ Zooming in on Phoenix, we see two concentrations on the map. I assume the darkest dot is around the Wyndham Hotel, and going east we can see the results of our very…

Photo from the "Cans Recycled" series by Jostein Skeidsvoll. I own the original.

Photo from the “Cans Recycled” series by Jostein Skeidsvoll. Image used with kind permission of the photographer – I own the original. This weekend I visited Lilla Galleriet in Umeå, where photographer Jostein Skeidsvoll opened his exhibit on “Cans Recycled: The Visual Power of Invisible Things”. I saw the advertisement in the newspaper and was intrigued by his description of how he was suddenly captured by the hidden beauty of a crushed beverage can. He had spent the last year taking pictures of crushed empty cans that he had found as litter. I met Jostein at the gallery and it turned out that he was a fellow Norwegian! So we had a long and interesting conversation in Norwegian about beverage container recycling, garbage as art, and on being a Norwegian in Sweden. I bought a print of the picture above – the colors are much more vibrant in the real print. I liked the colors and composition of this particular picture, and also that it was the only one of his pictures where you could see the “Pant” or deposit symbol, indicating that if the can’s original consumer had returned it in a reverse vending machine, he or she would have gotten a 50 öre deposit back and the can would have been recycled to get new life, most likely as a new can. But instead, the can became trash until Jostein saw its beauty and turned it into art. There are many ways to appreciate trash!

A few reflections on the intersections of evolutionary history and environmental history, originally published on forskning.no.

Når bestefaren din forteller om de enorme fiskene han fanget da han var ung er det ikke sikkert at det (bare) er fri diktning. En tverrfaglig gruppe av miljøhistorikere, arkeologer, økologer og forskere fra en rekke andre disipliner har nemlig funnet ut at fiskene faktisk var større i gamle dager. Forskerne i projektet har gransket historiske kilder som skipslogger og turistbilder fra hele verden for information om tidligere tiders liv i havet. Det er jo forholdsvis utfordrende – for ikke å si umulig – å skulle telle tidligere tiders fiskebestander, men en sentral del av forskningsmetodikken til oss historikere går jo ut på å drive detektivvirksomhet basert på de merkeligste kilder, for så å sette dette sammen igjen til en meningsfull fortelling. Et godt eksempel på disse metodene er forskningen til Loren McClenachan, som nylig fikk sin PhD fra Scripps Instititution of Oceanography i San Diego. Hun undersøkte den historiske størrelsesutviklingen til fisker blant annet gjennom å sammenligne statistikk og bilder av hobbyfiskernes trofeer i Key West, en populær fiskeby helt sør i Florida. Fra 1956 til 2007 falt gjennomsnittsvekten på fiskene fra tyve kilo til knappe 2,3 kilo. Samtidig gikk gjennomsnittslengen på fiskene ned fra å være haier på rundt to meter til å være småfisk på rundt 35 centimeter. Dette setter bestefars fiskeskrøner i et nytt lys, ikke sant? Det som jeg synes er mest spennende med denne påstanden (som også er begrunnet i flere resultater enn bare dette studiet fra Key West) er at vi gjennom å foretrekke de store fiskene har gitt en ny retning til fiskenes evolusjon. Det er de små fiskene som blir kastet tilbake i havet og det er de som sniker seg ut av garnet. Og dermed er det de som får videreført genmaterialet sitt, slik at fiskene blir mindre og mindre. Dette er et godt eksempel på evolusjonær historie, som miljøhistorikeren Edmund Russell kaller det. Vi mennesker spiller en langt mer sentral rolle i den evolusjonære utviklingen til…

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